Characterization of differential throughfall drop size distributions beneath European beech and Norway spruce     

Marvin Lüpke  Michael Leuchner  Delphis Levia  Kazuki Nanko  Shin'ichi Iida  Annette Menzel 《水文研究》2019,33(26):3391-3406

Forest canopies present irregular surfaces that alter both the quantity and spatiotemporal variability of precipitation inputs. The drop size distribution (DSD) of rainfall varies with rainfall event characteristics and is altered substantially by the forest stand properties. Yet, the influence of two major European tree species, European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) and Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) H. Karst), on throughfall DSD is largely unknown. In order to assess the impact of these two species with differing canopy structures on throughfall DSD, two optical disdrometers, one above and one below the canopy of each European beech and Norway spruce, measured DSD of both incident rainfall and throughfall over 2 months at a 10‐s resolution. Fractions of different throughfall categories were analysed for single‐precipitation events of different intensities. While penetrating the canopies, clear shifts in drop size and temporal distributions of incoming rainfall were observed. Beech and spruce, however, had different DSD, behaved differently in their effect on diameter volume percentiles as well as width of drop spectrum. The maximum drop sizes under beech were higher than under spruce. The mean ± standard deviation of the median volume drops size (D50) over all rain events was 2.7 ± 0.28 mm for beech and 0.80 ± 0.04 mm for spruce, respectively. In general, there was a high‐DSD variability within events indicating varying amounts of the different throughfall fractions. These findings help to better understand the effects of different tree species on rainfall partitioning processes and small‐scale variations in subcanopy rainfall inputs, thereby demonstrating the need for further research in high‐resolution spatial and temporal properties of rainfall and throughfall.  相似文献   

北京市北运河沉积物对氮、磷的吸附/解吸动力学特征   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

胡洁蕴  李淑芹  宋歌  刘寒青  张鑫  郎琪 《湖泊科学》2018,30(3):650-659

选取北运河土沟、榆林庄及和合站3个典型河道断面,进行河道0~60 cm深度沉积物对氨氮、磷酸盐的吸附/解吸批平衡静态试验研究,采用多种动力学模型分析北运河沉积物对氮、磷的吸附/解吸动力学特性,提出适用于北运河沉积物吸附/解吸特性的动力学模型,并对模型参数的主要影响因素进行探讨.结果表明:1)北运河典型断面各深度的沉积物对氨氮和磷酸盐的吸附/解吸过程总体呈现3个阶段:快反应阶段—慢反应阶段—平衡阶段;在0~0.5 h的快反应阶段可完成吸附或解吸总量的60%,且对氮、磷的吸附速率大于解吸速率.2)北运河各断面对氨氮与磷酸盐的平衡吸附量表现为S(榆林庄)S(土沟)S(和合站);对氨氮的平衡解吸量表现为S(土沟)S(榆林庄)S(和合站),对磷酸盐的平衡解吸量表现为S(和合站)S(土沟)S(榆林庄),沉积物对氨氮和磷酸盐的吸附以化学吸附为主,平衡吸附与解吸量随断面深度的增加而减小,0~20 cm表层沉积物对氮、磷的吸附能力较强.3)Lagergren二级动力学模型对各深度沉积物的吸附/解吸过程拟合最优,模型参数公式为k2=S-0.369max+0.163;qe=0.022 Smax+18.077 Kf+41.947.通过模拟得出在400 mg/L氮、磷浓度下吸附于沉积物中的氮、磷污染物会随着解吸过程释放52%~80%的氨氮和6%~42%的磷酸盐,可能不仅二次污染上覆水体,还随河水下渗从而对地下水质形成潜在污染风险.  相似文献   

Dynamic buckling of braces in concentrically braced frames     

Sina Kazemzadeh Azad  Cem Topkaya  Milad Bybordiani 《地震工程与结构动力学》2018,47(3):613-633

Axially loaded members might experience compressive forces above their static buckling capacity because of dynamic buckling under rapid shortening. Although the subject is studied in the context of engineering mechanics, it has not been thoroughly investigated in the field of earthquake engineering. Such dynamic overshoots in the compressive capacity can also be observed for braces of concentrically braced frames (CBFs) during earthquakes. Consequently, a comprehensive investigation is conducted in this study regarding the effects of dynamic buckling of braces on the seismic behavior of steel CBFs. After providing a theoretical background, recent dynamic experiments on braces and CBFs are simulated and discussed to investigate the occurrence of dynamic overshoot during these tests. Eight archetype CBFs are then designed, modeled, and subjected to a large set of ground motions to provide a quantified insight on the frequency and anticipated level of dynamic overshoot in the compressive capacity of braces during earthquakes. Results of a total of 1600 nonlinear time history analyses revealed that dynamic overshoots occur frequently in braces and affect the behavior of CBFs notably. Considerable increases are recorded in forces transmitted to other members of CBFs as a consequence of such dynamic overshoots. Importance of incorporating these dynamic overshoots in the capacity design procedure of columns, beams, and gusset plates is highlighted. Furthermore, results of a parametric study are presented and summarized in the form of a simple formula that can be used as a guide for estimating the level of dynamic overshoot.  相似文献   

青藏高原东北缘主要断裂滑动速率及其动力学意义     

徐化超  王辉  曹建玲 《地震》2018,38(3):13-23

本文利用青藏高原东北缘地区1991—2015年的GPS速度场资料, 基于弹性球面块体模型获得了区域活动断裂的滑动速率, 并讨论了断裂滑动速率分配的动力学意义。 反演结果表明, 青藏高原东北缘地区主要块体以北东向并兼顺时针旋转运动为主; 区域断裂平均闭锁深度为17 km; 另外, 各主要断裂滑动速率也不尽相同。 其中, 阿尔金断裂、 东昆仑断裂左旋走滑速率为10～12 mm/a, 祁连—海原断裂左旋走滑速率为3～5 mm/a, 鄂拉山断裂、 拉脊山断裂右旋走滑速率为1～3 mm/a。 阿尔金断裂、 祁连—海原断裂、 东昆仑断裂的走滑速率被其端部的山脉隆起和逆冲断裂所吸收和转换, 鄂拉山断裂和拉脊山断裂则起到了调节块体间运动平衡的作用。  相似文献   

PALEOSEISMOLOGICAL RESEARCH ON THE LANGSHAN RANGE-FRONT FAULT,HETAO AREA,CHINA: INSIGHTS FOR STUDIES ON TECTONICS AND SEISMIC RISK     

DONG Shao-peng  ZHANG Pei-zhen  ZHENG Wen-jun  YU Zhong-yuan  LEI Qi-yun  YANG Hui-li  LIU Jin-feng  GONG Hui-ling 《地震地质》2018,40(6):1216-1239

The Langshan range-front fault (LRF)is a Holocene active normal fault that bounds the Langshan Mountain and Hetao Basin at the northwest corner of the Ordos Plateau. Paleoseismic trenching research at three sites, Dongshen Village trench (TC1), Qingshan trench (TC2)and Wulanhashao trench (TC3)from north to south was performed in this study to reveal the seismic hazard risk in Hetao Basin. The paleoevents ED1, ED2, ED3 from TC1 can be constrained to have occurred (6±1.3)ka, (9.6±2)ka and (19.7±4.2)ka respectively, while the paleoevent EQ1 from TC2 occurred about (6.7±0.1)ka and the paleoevents EW1, EW2, EW3 at TC3 took place about (2.3±0.4)ka, (6±1)ka and before 7ka respectively. In combination with paleoseismic results of previous researchers, the Holocene earthquake sequence of the LRF could be established as 2.3~2.43ka BP (E1), 4.41~3.06ka BP (E2), 6.71~6.8ka BP (E3), 7.6~9.81ka BP (E4), and (19.7±4.2)ka BP (E5). Although the possibility of missing events cannot totally be ruled out, based on the analysis on faulted geomorphology at Wulanhashao site, we argue the paleoearthquake history of the LRF during Holocene may be complete with an average recurrent interval about 2500 yrs. The apparent displacements associated with events E1, E3 and E4 are significantly larger than that of event, E2, that suggests that they might be great events with magnitudes 7.5 to even over 8 that ruptured the entire LRF, while the event E2 may be a smaller event that only ruptured a segment of the fault. The magnitude of event E2 might be about M7. This poses a significant seismic hazard to the area of the Linhe depression in the western Hetao graben region. With the further limitation of previous radiocarbon dating result near our trench site at Wulanhashao, the slip rate at Wulanhashao should be not smaller than, but close to 0.66mm/a since 15ka BP. And the slip rate at Qingshan site is supposed to be about 1.4~1.6mm/a since 6.8ka BP. Both our combined most recent paleoseismic cognition and current tectonic geomorphologic research results supports to reveal that the Langshan range-front fault now is an unsegmented fault, preferring to rupture the whole fault in a surface-rupture event. Considering the most recent event E1 and fault slip rate obtained above, the accumulated strain on the LRF could be estimated as about 1.52~3.94m. Given the ~2500a recurrent interval, we argue that the elapsed time since last major quake, E1, is approaching or even over the recurrence, and the seismic risk for another major quake is imminent, at least cannot be ignored.  相似文献   

基于贝叶斯方法的二维大地电磁尖锐边界反演研究          下载免费PDF全文

周思杰  黄清华 《地球物理学报》2018,61(8):3420-3434

针对常规大地电磁（Magnetotelluric，MT）反演方法对电阻率异常体边界不太敏感的问题，本文尝试基于贝叶斯理论开展二维大地电磁电阻率尖锐边界反演研究.在反演中，模型参数由边界位置及内部电阻率组成，通过贝叶斯理论将模型参数与数据相联系，采用Markov Chain Monte Carlo（MCMC）的Metropolis-Hastings（MH）方法对后验概率密度函数（Posteriori Probability Density，PDD）进行采样.采样过程中无罚值函数约束，完全以数据自身所包含的信息对模型进行约束，同时与有限约束进行比较，并考虑不同起始采样点对结果的影响.以接受率为参考，用模型算例说明MH方法中建议分布函数选择的重要性.当模型参数间相关性较弱时，使用边缘概率分布对采样结果进行分析.该方法能给出模型参数的分布范围，并给出该模型参数范围对应的数据范围.通过与已知模型的对比及数据拟合情况分析检验了该反演方法的有效性.该方法有助于提高大地电磁尖锐边界反演的分辨能力.  相似文献   

富营养化浅水湖泊生态修复中背角无齿蚌(Anodonta woodiana)对水质改善的影响   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

吴中奎  邱小常  张修峰  刘正文  唐雅丽 《湖泊科学》2018,30(6):1610-1615

滤水速率的快慢是决定滤食性河蚌对水质改善与否的关键，但受蚌龄大小、食物多少和季节变化的影响.以背角无齿蚌（Anodonta woodiana）为研究对象，设置幼龄蚌组、成年蚌组和无蚌对照组，在惠州西湖生态修复后的清水态和未修复的富营养化水体同时进行中型系统原位实验，测定了各处理组水层中氮、磷、总悬浮物（TSS）浓度和浮游藻类生物量（用叶绿素a（Chl.a）浓度表示）的季节变化，以研究蚌龄、食物和季节变化对背角无齿蚌水质改善的影响.结果表明，与对照组相比，背角无齿蚌提高了清水态水体总磷（TP）和铵态氮浓度，但对总氮（TN）、TSS和浮游藻类Chl.a浓度的影响不显著，表明其不能有效改善清水态水体水质；富营养化水体中，背角无齿蚌虽对水中TN浓度影响不显著，但显著降低了TP浓度、浮游藻类Chl.a浓度和TSS浓度；表明背角无齿蚌可改善富营养化水体水质；且富营养化水体中幼龄蚌的滤水速率显著高于成年蚌；幼龄蚌的滤水速率春季最大（0.132±0.018 L/（g·h）），夏季最小.因此，在富营养化水体修复前期，可通过放养本地滤食性河蚌，如背角无齿蚌，以改善水质，春季放养幼龄蚌更佳，为接下来的修复创造有利条件；而在生态修复后期的清水态水体中，单独的河蚌对水质改善效果不明显.本研究可为水生态系统保护和富营养化水体生态修复提供参考.  相似文献   

Experimental and numerical study of current-induced artificial upwelling     

《Applied Ocean Research》2019

The aim of the current paper is to investigate hydrodynamic characteristics of the artificial upwelling induced by ocean currents. Experiments were performed in a flume at different density difference heads, horizontal current velocities and upwelling pipe diameters. A three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model was employed on wider range of parameters for further analysis. The performance of the numerical model has been confirmed by the experimental findings. The present results show that the volume flow rate of current-induced artificial upwelling is influenced by geometrical parameters and inclination angle of the pipe, the horizontal current velocity and vertical distribution of water density. In ideal two-layer density stratified water, the critical current velocity to generate upwelling linearly increases with the increase of the density difference, and the maximum rising height for upwelling is inversely proportional to the density difference. Feasibility analysis was taken by using current and density profiles of the East China Sea near Dongji Islands, which provides an useful reference for engineering practice.  相似文献   

条斑紫菜杂交重组品系(A-18)的筛选与特性分析   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

江灏  丁洪昌  严兴洪 《海洋学报》2018,40(2):95-103

为筛选出藻体生长快且颜色与野生型色泽相近的条斑紫菜新品系，本研究从条斑紫菜绿色突变体和红色突变体种内杂交产生的后代中，分离出了优良品系A-18。日龄60 d时的叶状体平均长度、长宽比和单株湿质量，A-18品系分别为84.95 cm、49.46和0.52 g，分别是条斑紫菜野生型品系（WT）的3.12、7.01和1.36倍。日龄60 d时叶状体的叶绿素a和总藻胆蛋白含量，A-18品系分别为8.37和53.81 mg/g，均与WT品系较接近。日龄60 d时的叶状体平均厚度，A-18品系仅为20.22 μm，比WT品系降低了29%。另外，A-18品系的壳孢子放散总量为916.01万个/贝壳，是WT品系的1.55倍。综上所述，A-18品系具有生长快、长宽比值大、藻体薄、壳孢子放散量大等优良特性，且藻体颜色与野生型色泽相近，有望在生产中运用。  相似文献   

鲁北平原地面沉降现状与机理分析          下载免费PDF全文

段晓飞  孙晓晓  杨亚宾  刘毅 《山东国土资源》2018,34(10)

该文详细论述了鲁北地区水文地质条件、工程地质条件。以多期水准测量数据为基础,以校验后的多年insar解译数据辅助,获取了鲁北地区地面沉降速率及多年累积地面沉降量。结果表明,鲁北平原年沉降速率大于50mm/a的地区面积502.73km~2,区内存在2个显著的沉降中心,一个位于德州市城区西北部张庄,地面累积沉降量超过1.3m,一个位于广饶县县城东北部,多年地面累积沉降量达1.605m,200mm沉降等值线圈闭面积14 904km~2,占鲁北平原区面积的34.34%。分析了鲁北平原地区地面沉降机理,建立了地面沉降与地下水水位相关关系,并针对现状问题提出了防治措施与建议。  相似文献